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です

Polite and casual: two ways to end a sentence

Why some sentences end in です/ます and others don't.
要点The idea
In speech, a Japanese sentence ends either polite (です/ます) or casual (the plain form), depending on who you're talking to.
毎朝(まいあさ)まいあさ コーヒー を 飲(の)のみます。maiasa koohii o nomimasu.
Casual毎朝(まいあさ)まいあさ コーヒー を 飲(の)のむ。maiasa koohii o nomu.
I drink coffee every morning.
今日(きょう)きょう は 寒(さむ)さむい です ね。kyou wa samui desu ne.
Casual今日(きょう)きょう は 寒(さむ)さむい ね。kyou wa samui ne.
It's cold today, isn't it?Casual simply drops です: an i-adjective can end a sentence on its own.
昨日(きのう)きのう 映画(えいが)えいが を 見(み)みました。kinou eiga o mimashita.
Casual昨日(きのう)きのう 映画(えいが)えいが を 見(み)みた。kinou eiga o mita.
I watched a film yesterday.
一緒(いっしょ)いっしょ に 行(い)いきます か?issho ni ikimasu ka?
Casual一緒(いっしょ)いっしょ に 行(い)いく?issho ni iku?
Are you coming with us?Casual questions usually drop か and just rise in tone; a bare か after a casual verb can sound rough.
A学生(がくせい)がくせい です。gakusei desu.I'm a student.Polite.
B学生(がくせい)がくせい だ。gakusei da.I'm a student.Casual. In conversation it's usually softened — 学生(がくせい)がくせいだよ — or just 学生(がくせい)がくせい; a bare だ can sound blunt.
Same meaning, different relationship. です/ます for strangers, teachers, shops and work; casual with friends and family.
A毎日(まいにち)まいにち 走(はし)はしります。mainichi hashirimasu.I run every day.Polite ます form.
B毎日(まいにち)まいにち 走(はし)はしる。mainichi hashiru.I run every day.Casual dictionary form.
Same meaning: the polite form keeps a respectful distance, the casual one sounds close and relaxed. Verbs switch between the ます form and the dictionary form; the Verbs unit shows how.
  1. A
    何(なに)なに 飲(の)のむ?nani nomu?
    Polite何(なに)なに を 飲(の)のみます か?nani o nomimasu ka?
    What are you having?
  2. B
    コーヒー に する。koohii ni suru.
    Politeコーヒー に します。koohii ni shimasu.
    I'll get a coffee.
  3. B
    すみません、 コーヒー を 一(ひと)ひとつ ください。sumimasen, koohii o hitotsu kudasai.Excuse me, one coffee, please.
  4. C
    はい、 かしこまりました。hai, kashikomarimashita.Certainly.
B answers a friend (A) casually, then turns to the café staff (C) and switches to polite: switching mid-scene like this is completely normal. Casual speech often drops を (何(なに)なに飲(の)のむ?); the polite version puts it back. かしこまりました is staff's very polite “certainly”: you'll hear it, but won't need to say it.

確認Check yourself

More on choosing polite or casual